The Secrets of Esl Essay Writing Topics Exposed

<h1> The Secrets of Esl Essay Writing Topics Exposed </h1> <p>ESL Essay is an article that is composed by methods for an individual whose first language isn't English. The absolute initial step to composing a gem of a college application exposition is finding a subject. You see it is a bizarre point that may be very testing to envision or clarify, however a few understudies may very well transform that subject into a showstopper. Great syntax additionally demonstrates that an individual has an awesome order of the language. </p> <p>Although, you should know there are a few standards, for example, the structure of the article. Your point sentence is your absolute initial introduction and you might want to make it a decent one so verify that it gets a handle on your peruser promptly so they are similarly as intrigued by what you are going to tell them as you're in what you must state. Evaluate another point and do precisely the same 5-minute composing test till you find a subject you realize it is easy to compose on. You may likewise need to assist them with forming their point into a genuine position. </p> <p>Many times an announcement looking towards what's to come is an incredible activity. You unquestionably require help on that. You can't compose an incredible exposition at whatever point you are in a surge or contemplating different things you have to do. On occasion, the least complex things can go a serious separation in making an extraordinary exposition. </p> <p>Odds are you get a blended class, so it's encouraged to attach exposition composing abilities to other basic aptitudes like utilizing equivalencies, the right utilization of connecting language and sequencing recorded as a hard copy. Composing is an artistic expression that requests a specific degree of aptitude. </p> <p>Hobbes and Locke differ on various issues. It is conceivable to repeat your postulation proclamation and point out some of the contentions utilized over the entire article that backs it up. </p> <h2> The Esl Essay Writing Topics Stories</h2> <p>Studying English may have all the earmarks of being one of the most troublesome undertakings ESL understudies may confront. As your ESL understudies become progressively increasingly familiar, it's a great opportunity to start mulling over rehearsing increasingly expand sorts of composing, including papers. There are a couple of understudies who probably won't comprehend what is implied by methods for an exposition. Especially for ESL understudies. </p> <p>Reaching a spot where you may trust you know it all, an ESL understudy may end up arriving at a particular point where he appears not to make any advance at all. Together with a coordinator, understudies should be given an agenda to help them to remember what ought to go in their composition. When they comprehend the theme, they are prepared to start composing! ESL understudies habitually don't watch the point in making sense of how to form extensive papers, since the vocations they're after aren't founded on such abilities. </p> <p>Keep as a top priority the absolute first time you at any point needed to create a paper. You've moved toward the last segment of your paper. You need to make your exposition with respect to an errand that is apparently everyday fascinating. You can't modify the type of exposition you've been given. </p> <p>There are a few recommendations that may assist you with composing a decent ESL article in any event, when you aren't truly adept at composing by and large. It's conceivable to compose writing audit in which you uncover your sources and the manner in which they helped in your conversation. The substance may shift in different types of articles. Urge your understudies to make all their composition around one focal matter of the article. </p> <p>You ought to have your reasons, and our essential concern is that you end up getting an amazing evaluation. You're given the opportunity to not simply pick thoroughly analyze subjects without anyone else, yet you need the opportunity to settle on the side of your help alongside how to differentiate it. It is conceivable to likewise arrange a completely composed thoroughly analyze exposition and ease the amount of work you have to do. The absolute first thing you should do is recognize the kind of thoroughly analyze paper wh ich you are dealing with. </p> <h2> The Definitive Strategy for Esl Essay Writing Topics </h2> <p>Since scholarly composing is transforming into one of the most evident aspects of the instructive framework, the steady development of the custom-composing business is plainly defended. You likewise realize how to find sources and the absolute best kind to use in your paper to guarantee it is applicable and intriguing. To get the most extreme evaluation for your article, you need not simply to fill it with appropriate data and reliable realities or models from your very own life. You should introduce your theme, unmistakably, and furthermore your postulation explanation that has the capacity of showing to your perusers what is the likely way of the entire work. </p>

The Patterns of Development in Essay Writing

The Patterns of Development in Essay WritingIt is important to know the patterns of development in essay writing and how they can be used to improve essay quality. By finding the right words for the right reasons, a person can craft an essay that gives off the right look but still has the proper execution and means to make the essay stand out from the crowd.The most important key factor in giving an essay the right look is knowing the right words for the right reasons. There are many different types of reasons for using the right words when writing an essay. These could include relating the past, knowledge, understanding, as well as providing a way to move forward. These three types of reasons will help a person to come up with the right words to help create a stronger essay.In order to make sure that the essay flows properly, one must also determine which word patterns should be used for the purpose of conveying the right message. By looking at these three patterns of development in essay writing, a person can be able to utilize the right words and have the essay flow properly. By deciding on which words to use, a person will be able to see what type of message they are trying to convey in the essay.These three patterns of development in essay writing are much like the three stages of the human experience that people encounter in life. This includes developing to adulthood, learning and culture. By knowing which words can be used and which words should be avoided, a person will be able to build an essay that is able to connect with other people. By having a connection with others, this is where a person is able to create more opportunities to develop further.Once a person has identified the pattern of development in essay writing, the next step is to determine what type of essay needs to be created. By knowing which words will need to be used and which words should be avoided, a person can create a more effective essay. By creating a more effective essay, a pe rson will be able to determine what areas of the essay needs to be worked on and by having a better understanding of the common patterns of development in essay writing, a person will be able to create an essay that will be more successful.By knowing the word patterns in an essay, a person will be able to see what kinds of statements are difficult to make in order to improve the essay. If the student knows which words should be used and which words should be avoided, then a student can ensure that their essay comes out as an essay that is very good in comparison to other essays written by other students. By knowing the best words to use and by knowing which words are not worth using, a student will have a good idea of how to improve a given essay.When creating an essay, it is necessary to understand that everyone is different in terms of the way they write. Some people are able to develop quickly while others take longer. By knowing the patterns of development in essay writing, a pe rson will be able to see which words they need to avoid when developing an essay and will be able to eliminate those words.By knowing the patterns of development in essay writing, a person will be able to see which words a person needs to use when developing an essay. By knowing which words to use and which words should be avoided, a person will be able to ensure that their essay comes out as an essay that is very good in comparison to other essays written by other students. By knowing the best words to use and by knowing which words are not worth using, a student will have a good idea of how to improve a given essay.

Tips For Buying Term Paper Online

Tips For Buying Term Paper OnlineThe option of buying term paper online has become increasingly popular over the last few years. This is a fact because it is a cheaper and easier alternative to buying an actual book. It also saves you time, money and energy. Here are some tips to help you get started.It is always a good idea to do your research first. Look around and try and find out what online retailers and companies offer. This can save you a lot of time and money in the long run. There are a number of ways that you can research for these.You can always search on the internet for review sites and forums. These websites have a number of different options to make your term paper purchase more convenient and simple. In addition, these sites will also offer other options for you to do online shopping, such as an invoice generator, an autoresponder, or even a credit card gateway.A good idea is to stick with an online company that is known for being customer oriented. The reason why you want to do this is because you will be able to get information in a timely manner. You will also get to compare prices and shipping costs. The more options you have to choose from, the better off you will be.Buying term paper online is convenient because you can avoid the paper money and the hassle. Another reason for this is because you will be able to save a lot of money. You will be able to pay less than $20 for each term paper book that you buy. This is a great deal because the savings from not having to use a paper-money system and the savings from not having to have to ship the books over is a great deal.The next thing to consider when you are looking to buy term paper online is whether or not you need to download the paper. This really depends on whether or not you are ordering more than one book. If you need to do this for all of them, then you might want to consider doing it yourself. It can also save you a lot of time, money and energy.After you have considered all of the online options, you will want to compare prices. This will help you get a better price and save you a lot of time and energy. You can check out online stores or companies and see what they offer.

Examining Diabetes and Metabolic Traits of Mexican...

This study examines for the first time the genetic contributions to diabetes and metabolic traits in the AIR registry sample, which is composed of Mexican American participants who reside in the Phoenix-Arizona area. The AIR registry participants were extensively phenotyped for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome measures. The prevalence of diabetes in our population was 12.3%, which was above the 8.3% of the general population [32,33]. Moreover, we observed that 34.0% of the participants were classified with pre-diabetes, which was similar to national averages that showed Mexican American adults in the United States with pre-diabetes at 36% [33]. Although a majority of the heritability estimates of the phenotypes examined in the AIR registry appears to be consistent with previously published studies [31], it is possible that heritability estimates may have been inflated since shared environmental influences were not accounted for in our analyses. It also is possible that her itability can be age-dependent, which can be underestimated when existing age dependence is present. The heritability estimates of DBP, FPG, 2hOGTT and prediabetes did not reach statistical significance in our study. Perhaps, DBP may not have reached significance due to the variability that is often observed in diastolic blood pressures within an individual [34]. For this study, every attempt had been made to measure DBP appropriately since we measured DBP twice and calculated the average.

Diploma in Accounting

Question: Discuss about theDiploma in Accounting. Answer: Introduction: Assessment 1 The Main Sources of Law Relating to Business: The term sources of law refers to the origin of law which represents the binding rules those govern the conduct of human. Sources of law also defines the sovereign or the origin of state from where laws have been derived out of force or validity (Miller 2016). Hence, sources of law can be derived from both national and international perspective. International Sources: International treaties: A discussed by Grenville and Wasserstein (2013), government has the authority to sign international convention and treaties but only ratified treaties and convention can come into force. Numerous conventional treaties are executed when a particular number of signatories have ratified the ultimate text. It is also noteworthy to denote that international convention might be incorporated under a statute; for example Hauge Visby Rules under the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 is one such example which is enforced by the International sources. European Community Law: As stated by Stevens (2013), European Union is one of the prime examples of international law. Different nations of Europe have joined the European Union to adopt all the European Community law. The European Community law consists of treaty provisions, regulations, directives, decisions and precedents. National Sources: Legislation: According to Wymeersch (2013), legislation is the primary source of laws. It consists of decelerations of rules which are legal under the competent authority. Legislations can regulate, authorize, enable, facilitate funds, grant, declare and restrict. On the other hand () stated that a parliamentary legislature has the power to frame rules and new laws in accordance with the act of parliament to amend or repeals old laws. Case laws: It is noteworthy to denote that Judicial laws which is based on the doctorine of stare decisis are commonly connected with the jurisdictions which is dependent on the common law of English however the concept has been adopted in part under the civil law systems. Judges pass some certain important judgments and recorded decisions. It has been discussed by Law (2015), when there is no legislature on a certain particular point, the judges can depend on their own set of judgment whether wrong or right and provides verdict on the disputes arising out of the first principles. High Court: Hayne (2013) stated that the high court of Australia is considered as Supreme Court in the hierarchy of Australian court. It is also considered as one of the final court of appeals in Australia. It has both the original and appellate jurisdictions along with the power of the judicial reviews over the laws passed by the Australian parliament having the authority to interpret the Australian constitutions which powerfully shapes the development of federalism in Australia. The Australian high court is mandated by the constitutional section 71, under which the judicial power vest in the commonwealth of Australia. Primary Functions: The high court has the power to exercise both the original jurisdictions (cases which originate in high court) and the appellate jurisdictions (appeals that are made to the high court) The high court is the final court of appeal which has the ability to interpret the common law for entire Australia. The board jurisdictions of high court are similar to that of the supreme court of Canada which has the more limited jurisdictions. The function of high court is to create and develop certain common laws which operate consistently operates across all the states and territories. The most significant role of high court is the interpretation of constitutions. Case Laws It was noticed in the case of colonial sugar refining co v Attorney general (1912) where the Privy Council refused to answer the constitutional provisions which have been put forward. Under this case the high court never certified another inter se appeal. It was also noticed that in the case of Kirmani v captain cook cruises Pty ltd (1985) the court laid down that it would never in the future grant a certificate regarding appeal (Morabito and Caruana 2013). Federal Court: As stated by HAYNE (2013) the federal court is concerned with the matter which relates to the corporations, trade practices, industrials relations, laws relating to customs and immigrations are the areas of federal law. Therefore the federal court has the jurisdictions over these areas. The federal court has the power to hear appeals from certain number of tribunals and other bodies. It is a superior court with limited jurisdictions but it is ranked below the high court of Australia under the hierarchy of federal court. Functions of Federal Court: The federal court of Australia hears the cases under the federal laws covering the following areas; The functions of federal court is to hear cases related to Bankruptcy It hears cases arising out of taxations The functions of federal court also states that it hears and passes verdict on the cases arising out of industrial disputes It reviews the judicial decisions made by the officers of the federal government. Case Laws: The first and the second appellants is considered as the receivers and the managers which are appointed as the pursuant to securities over the two organizations which had its operations in the timber plantations investment schemes for over a decade. The AET Ltd who was the corporate trustee of the scheme, claimed on behalf of the investors that the sale proceeds of the standing timber and the schemes related to land were payable to the companies and were subjected to express trust in the hand of the investors. It succeeded in the supreme court of Victoria and the declarations made were beneficially entitled to the sale proceeds and the portions of land that were generated from the sale proceeds (Lee and Adams 2013) State Court: A magistrate court is considered as state wide court which operates from local registries. There are several cases in the state court which is decided by the magistrate. State court consist of special justices which has the powers to make decision in the petty session divisions along with other limited cases (Todd 2013). Functions: The divisions of the state court consists of procedures which consists of procedures The state court ensures that the disputes between the parties are dealt in relations to a good equity, good conscience along with the substantial merits of the case without ignoring the technicalities and legal forms. State court helps the parties to reach the agreement through implementing mediation which forms an alternative to continue with the litigation. Case Laws: It was held in the case of Patrick stevedores operations No 2 Pty ltd v Maritime Union of Australia that the decision of state court was considered as the culmination in relation to the legal aspects regarding the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute. Under this the major stevedoring operations concerning the Patrick group of companies have sought after to replace the unionized work force. However, under this case the state court upheld the substance of the orders, but modified them to acknowledge the questions which ultimately arise from the administrators of the companies, whether it can start its operations. Industrial Relations Court: According to Todd (2013) The industrial relations court conciliates and arbitrates to resolve the industrial disputes, sets employment related conditions regarding the fixation of wages and salaries, approving the agreements of enterprise and settles the claims relating to unfair dismissal of employees and workers. Functions: The functions of industrial relations court are as follows: To offer a framework for the conduct of industrial relations which is fair and justifiable To develop and promote efficiency regarding the productivity of economy and state To encourage active participation in industrial relations through representative bodies of employees and employers to promote responsible management and democratic control of those bodies. To prevent and eliminate the discrimination at workplace and also ensuring that equal remuneration is paid to both men and women performing work of equal and comparable values. Case laws: Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) case which is popularly known as the Tasmania Dam case was considered as significant Australian court case. The case revolved around the proposed constructions of hydro electric dam on the Franklin river of Tasmania which was initially supported by the government, but during the later stages it was opposed by the Australian Federal government and group of environmentalist. The government of Tasmania challenged the actions of the Australian federal government by arguing that the Australian constitutions did not provide any authority to the federal government to develop such regulations. Both the governments put their cases to the industrial relations court along with the division of powers under section 51 of the Australian constitutions. The industrial government had taken several range of action concerning the case and the government of Tasmania disputed the claims authorized under section 51 of the act. Australian Taxation Office: The Australian taxation office is an Australian government statutory agency which is concerned with the collection of revenue for the government of Australia. Functions: The functions of ATO are listed below; Collections of revenue Administrating the goods and services tax on behalf of the Australian states and territories Administering the large range of programs which paves the transfer and assistance back to the public Administering the major elements of the Australian superannuation systems. Case Law: Section 17 of the (Income tax Assessment act 1936) defines that taxes are to be paid for the financial year which commences from 1st July for each of the succeeding year. Mark who is a resident of Australia claimed deductions for his car expenses from traveling to and fro from his place of work. The income tax authority conducted audit and noticed that mark deductions were more than the prescribe limit as stated under the act. Mark had to pay penalty of $2000 along with the interest of the tax owed $80. The case illustrates that mark misunderstood the rules for claiming deductions stated under the Australian Taxation Office. ASIC: The Australian securities and investment commission is an independent body which acts as the Australian corporate regulators. It is concerned with the enforcement and regulations of the financial services in order to protect the consumers of Australia. ASIC was established on 1st July 1998 with the aim of authority and scope relating to Australian securities and investment commission act 2001. Functions: The functions of ASIC are listed below; ASIC has the responsibility in the areas of corporate governance It is also concerned with the financial services Offering financial ombudsman services Providing protections to customers Case Laws: It was held in the Australian securities and investments commissions v Healey 2011. Judge Middleton of the federal court upheld the claims of ASICs that the directors along with the chief financial officer centro companies contravened the sections 180 (1) and 601 FD (3) of the corporation act in approving the consolidated financial statement which are listed entities of the Centro Properties limited. The case reflected that CNP failed to disclose that $1.5 billion of the short-term liabilities by declaring them in the books of accounts as non-current liabilities. The judges viewed that directors did not take the responsibilities to secure compliance listed under section 395A of the act by allowing the financial sections which breached the sections of 180(1) and 344(1). The court is not yet decided that any of such defendant should be relieved from such contraventions of the act. ASIC is seeking orders that every directors should pay penalties and they should be disqualified from mana ging cooperations. Australian stock exchange: Australian stock exchange is considered as an Australian public company which operates in the Australian primary markets. It was established during the year 1987 on 1st April under the legislation of the Australian parliament. Functions: It has the responsibility for complete supervision of the real time trading on Australian domestic securities market. It is also responsible for monitoring and enforcement of ASX-Listed companies in compliance with the ASX rules relating to operations. Its functions also consist of supervising the ASX own compliance as a public company to that listed with the ASX rules. Case laws: It was held in the ASX operations PTY Ltd v Pont Data Australia Pty that when reviewing the information it was understood that provision might reduce or lessen up the competition. The state and the conditions constituting the market are assessed under this case which actually and potentially must exist. The case states that market can only exists when there is the potential for competition even though none of the facts where existing while constituting the market. As per the case study is concerned it is either temporarily dormant or suspended. ACCC: The Australian competition and consumer commission is an independent body of the Australian government. It came into operation during the year 1995 under the amalgamation of Australian trade practices and commissions (Bradley and Marshall 2013.). Functions: It supervises and controls the competition and consumer act It has the powers to take action under the federal court of Australia to enforce its provisions. It lays wide range of provisions such as the anti competitive conduct It is also concerned with imparting educations to the consumers and the businesses by educating them about the rights and responsibilities of the act. Case laws: It was held under the ACCC v Coles and Woolworth that both the firms are very competitive but the prices is limited to the barrier due to the lack of the incentives for both the major companies. During the year 2009, ACCC reached an agreement to phase out the restrictive agreements or lease. ACCC successfully won the case against the coles and Woolworth after it failed to provide refund regarding the faulty products. Assessment 2 Part 1 Business Partnership Agreement: THIS AGREEMENT is established and entered into at ____________________, this_____________ of __________ 2016, by and between ___________ (Name and Address) and _______________ (Name and address) (hereby collectively declared as Partners) WITNESS WHEREAS, the partners intend to _______________________ in considerations of the promises and mutual agreements made between one another hereby agrees to follow Partnership Name and Purpose. The parities hereto thereby form a partnership in the name of ________________ (thereby are referred to as the Partnership) to own a property in real and perform all the lawful activities as such as manage, develop, create, mortgage, lease or sell properties as may be necessary, incidental or convenient to execute the partnership business as provided. Place of business: The principle place of business of the partnership will be _________________ (Location and address) or any such other in the state of _________________ as the terms of partnership agreement may be thereafter from time to time. The partnership agreement shall commence as on from the date of execution of this agreement continue thereafter for a period of _____________ years, unless or sooner it is dissolved and dissolved by agreement of the partners as provided, however the partnership shall not be dissolved on account of bankruptcy, insolvency, appointment of trustees for the benefit of the creditors, dealers, suppliers due to incompetence or with drawl of partner but the remaining partners will have the rights and opportunity as mentioned below. Capital contribution: The agreement states that each of the partner will contribute to the partnership agreement initial capital and each of the partners shall have the net annual operating profits or losses of the partnership agreement ratio unless it is adjusted as hereinafter provided_____________________ Industry specification legislations: The partnership agreements are in accordance with the consumer protection commissions guiding on the rights and duties while dealing with the consumers. The partnership agreement adheres to the National Standard Authority of Australia providing information on weighs and measurement and certification in the retail industry. Law of negligence: The Partnership agreement adheres to the law of tort. The agreement also states that liability in negligence for any partner arises only when the claimant establishes both the duty of care by the defendant and there has been breach in duty or partnership agreement. Employment law: The partnership agreements are in accordance with the employment agreement which consist of employment protections formed on the basis of legislations, court rulings under the conditions of employment. Occupational health and safety: The partnership agreement adheres to the Occupational Health and safety legislation and guidance information for the retail industry. The partnership agreement deploys the use of tools to assess the occupational health and safety. Part 2 Essential Elements of Simple and Formal Contract: According to McKendrick (2014) all the agreements are not considered as contracts. Only those agreements, which have the enforceable power in the court of law, are considered as contract. Therefore an agreement which is enforceable at law cannot be considered as contract. It is to be noted that All contracts are agreements, but all agreements are not contracts. It is noteworthy to denote that all agreements which is enforceable under the law should have the ability to form an essential elements of contract being called as valid as mentioned under the section 10 of the Contract Act. Below Listed are the Essential Elements of the Simple and Formal Contact: Offer and acceptance: To create a valid contract there should be a lawful offer by at least one party and lawful acceptance by the other party or the same party. Intention to form lawful relationship: If there is no such objective of the intended parties there could be no contract. It is to be noted that agreements of social or domestic does not contemplate legal relations. Capacity of parties: According to Hobbes (2013) the parties who are involved in the agreement must be competent a contract. If it is noted that either of the parties does not possess the adequate capacity to contract, then the contract would not be considered as valid. Lawful object: The purpose of this agreement must be valid. It is to be denoted that nothing can be done with the considerations. It represents the purpose of design of the contract. Hence, if an individual hires a house for the purpose of in a gathering house the object of the contract is to run a gambling house. The Object can be Considered as Unlawful due to the following Circumstances, If it is forbidden by the law, If it is of such nature that if permitted it might defeat the provision of law If it is of fraudulent type If it involves an inquiry to the person or property of any other type. Legal formalities: An oral contract can be considered as perfectly valid contract. It is not considered in those cases where written legislation is required by the statute. Writing is required in those cases where sale of goods are considered, mortgage deeds, lease and immovable properties, memorandum of associations and article of associations are considered of a particular company. It is compulsory to denote that registration is needed in those documents while coming within the scope of sections 17 of the registration act. According to Miller (2016) all the elements mentioned above forms an essential for the valid contract. Ignoring any of them may not make a contract valid. Legislation that Applies to that Sole Operator: Starting a new business as a sole operator is one of the least expensive and easiest way of starting a corporation. As a sole operator one has the flexibility to operate the business and usually have the flexibility to operate the business activities as and when required. There are certain legislations which are applied in the sole operator business are as follows; Business name for a sole operator: The legal name consists of the name of the business. Any legal business documents which must be signed, such as a business license application must be done in the name of the business. Depending on the business one must not register the name of business in fictitious manner. No formation is necessary: Being the sole operator one simply has the advantage of offering the products or services for the purpose of profit. According to Lin (2013) corporations and limited liability business needs to file the documents in the state in order to commence its operations. Whereas under the sole proprietor forms of business no such certification of commencement is required. By conducting the business in the name of an individual one can create sole proprietorship forms of business. This offers the flexibility to carry out the business without any regulations such as obtaining any necessary license and permissions. Registering to do business: It is understood that the state government and the local government have their own set of rules and regulations regarding how a business should be conducted within the jurisdictions which applies equally to all the business regardless of any type. For example the Sydney laws requires a business to be registered by applying for the license or obtaining the notice of exemption from the secretary of state before beginning the activities of business depending upon the type and business one wishes to carry. One needs to obtain the certificate of operations for the collection of sales tax for the department of taxation and finance depending upon the city where the businesses are located (Bain and Nowak 2015). Income and self-employment taxes: Operating a business as sole proprietor places an individual in the category of self employed for tax purpose. Therefore a federal law requires an individual to report all the income and expenses regarding the business whenever the net income of the business exceeds the limit of $400. An individual is required to execute the responsibilities of paying self employment tax. Such tax can be in the form of social security tax and Medicare tax. As a rule an individual is required to pay an minimum of all tax which is required on a quarterly basis throughout the year Legislation Which Applies to Limited Liabilities Companies: The legislation that applies to the limited liability companies are as follows; Unlimited memberships: The owners of the limited liabilities companies are called the members and hence there are no such limits on the numbers of members. Under the limited liabilities companies the number of members can be as low as one. However it is noted that state does not allows the single member LLC when authorizing the statutes that were passed during the year 1990. The legislation states that Limited Liability Company can be in the form of individuals, partnership forms of companies, corporations, foreign entities etc. Regulated by states: Another form of legislation which is applied on the limited liability companies is that, it is governed by the state and details of regulations such as filing of requirements fees generally varies from state to state. Limited liabilities companies are formed when an article of organization is filed and certificate of formation is lodged with the companies. It is to be noted that filing fees generally varies from state to state at a range of $70 to $400. Unlike a corporation there is no such requirement for a Limited liability company to conduct annual meetings and file the meeting minutes with the state. Distribution of profits: The legislation that applies to the limited liabilities company is that the amount of profit which will be distributed among the members of the company is decided by the members of the company. The law states that each of the shareholders dividends is dependent on the amount of his or her investment in the company. The shares of profit distributed that are distributed to the members of the LLC will be subjective to self employment tax. Assessment 3: Consumer Credit Legislation the Financial Transactions Reports Act 1988 Objectives of the Act: The main objectives of this act is to facilitate the administrations and enforcement of laws relating to taxation Another objective of this act is to facilitate the administrations and the enforcement of laws relating to the commonwealth and territories other than laws relating to taxations. As stated by Durkin et al (2014) without the prejudice in contrast to this act by virtue of subsections (1) and sub-section (2) the extended objective of this act is to make information collected for the purposes which is referred in the subsection (1) or (2) of the consumer credit legislation and financial transactions reports act 1988. The act defines that state authorities are under the obligations to facilitate the administration and the enforcement of the laws relating to states. Types of Transactions Required to be Reported: Under the FTR act there are cash dealers which has the capability to report the types of transactions which is required to be reported which are as follows: Significant cash transactions: Instructions based on the international fund transfer Suspected transactions Significant cash transactions: It is understood that significant cash transactions having cash elements of at least AUD 10,000 or its equivalent in respect of foreign currency. Therefore all such cash dealers are required to be reported to the cash dealers as all such transactions forms the part of AUSTRAC. As denoted that section 15A of the financial transaction act determines that solicitors are under the obligations to report to the significance of cash transactions to AUSTRAC. The types of cash transactions that is covered in this act is depositing the cash into the bank account, purchasing the stocks or bonds, payment of cash in gambling winnings, procurement of travelers cheques and delivery of cash to meet the payroll requirement. Reporting Obligations: The obligations for such report falls on the cash dealers who has the responsibility for reporting the cash transactions to AUSTRAC unless there is any specified exemption is applied on it. It is noteworthy to denote that if the transactions takes place in foreign currency then the report must be made during the end of the day basis proceeding the day on which such transactions is incurred. On the other hand, the act also states that if the transaction does not involve any foreign currency than the report must be made within 15 days of the transaction taking place. Instructions on Funds Transfer: As stated by Durkin et al (2014) international fund transfer can be regarded as the instructions transmitted electronically into or out of the Australia for the purpose of transferring the fund. There are certain exceptions as well, where the cash dealers are must report the IFTIs in accordance with the instructions of which they are considered as either senders or recipients. Funds falling under this can be both Australian dollars and the foreign equivalent. Hence, the law state that all the transactions which are incurred must be reported under the AUSTRAC. There is no fiscal threshold limit which can be attached in the international funds transfer instructions. Who Must file the report? The law states that the report must be filed to the AUSTRAC by any dealer who deals in cash or it who is either sender or recipient of IFTI. Inward Reporting: Usually reports which are of inward bound must be reported as soon as the first point of contract is incurred in Australia. For instance, if a consumer from oversees sends a fax directing his union of credit to transfer his funds from New York to Melbourne. Hence the credit union will report these transactions as inward transfer of funds from IFTI because it has been received as electronically transmitted instructions from international locations. It can be considered as the instructions which can be actual transfer of funds under the IFTI report. Outward Reporting: Under the outward reporting procedure outward bound report incurring during the last point of transactions forming a part of contract in Australia is usually recorded. For instance, if a customer in Australia directs his union of credit to transfer funds from Melbourne to New York, then the credit union under this case does not have the capability to perform a telegraphic fund transfer on its own. Therefore the credit union through the use of banks makes such transactions successful unless the actual funds transfer takes place. It is the bank who has the responsibility to report the outward-bound transactions based on IFTI and the onus is not on the customers or the credit union. This is because bank is transmitting funds by using electronic instruction to internationally based customers. Period of Reporting: The act states that IFTIs lodged by the cash dealers under the FTR Act must be reported to the AUSTRAC within fourteen days from the day the transactions was sent or received. Suspected Transactions: Suspected transactions can be defined as transactions where the cash dealers have a reasonable reason to believe that there is a prevailing circumstance of tax evasion. It is the responsibilities of the cash dealers to report the suspected transactions if they have the suspicion regarding the transfer of monies to individual involved in the transactions. The FTR law states that there should not be completed transactions to be reported under this act. Factors of Suspicions: Unusual truncations or circumstances Clients business background Unusual arrangement of account in the name of other person Transfer of funds to countries where the sources of funds provide tax havens. Report Period of Suspected Transactions: Dealers dealing in cash are required to prepare a report based on the suspected transactions and must lodge it to the AUSTRAC, if there is any prevailing conditions that there is a ground for suspicion. It is the responsibility of the cash dealer to report such transactions as soon it becomes practical after establishing such suspicions. Penalties Under the Act: Failure to Provide Information: A cash dealers who fails to provide information commits an offence against the act if he refuses to; To provide information to the AUSTRAC CEO when the dealer is required under part II or part III of the act If the dealer fails to comply with the notices which is required under the subsection 27 E of the act If the dealer fails to retain report which is required under the subsection of 17 B of the act. If a solicitor or a solicitor corporations or a partnership of solicitors refuses or fails; Fails to maintain the register of exemption as required under the financial transaction act If the solicitor refuses and fails to comply with the notices as listed under the subsections of the financial transactions act 1988d The solicitor or corporations along with each of the member of the partnership act whatever may be the case if commits an offence against the act attracts penalties; Penalties: The act states that an individual who commits an offence against this section is punishable upon convictions by an imprisonment for a term not exceeding more than two years. As stated by Mac Cormick and Weinberger (2013) subsection 4B (2) of the crimes act 1914 facilitates the court to impose penalties in respect of an offence an adequate fine instead of imposing increasing the term of imprisonment. The act also statutes that the maximum amount of fine which can be imposed by the court on an individual can be worked out by the multiplying the maximum term of imprisonment (in terms of months) by five and subsequently multiplying the derived result from the worked out numbers with the amount of unit of penalty. The act also states that the amount of penalty unit which is stated under the 4AA of the consumer credit legislation and the financial transactions act that if a corporate body is held up for the offence under the subsection 4B (3) of the act which allows the court to impose a fine which should not be greater than by at least five times. The consumer credit legislation and financial transactions states that the maximum amount of fine which can be im posed by the court on an individual who is convicted under the same offence would be equivalent to that of the first offence. Restrictive Trade Practices: Restrictive trade practices act is considered as an act which is adopted by the parliament of Australia which is intended to enforce competitions. It is understood in this act that any agreement between the companies which restricts the trading should be put into on a register of public unless it has been granted by the Australian secretary of state. As stated by Allen (2013) the registrar has the authority to look into the agreements which functions against the interest of the public to the restrictive trade practices court. The court overhauled the by the end of 1976 that the legislations was considered as out of the line and beyond the interest of the article 81 and article 82 of the restrictive trade practice act. Limitations of Restrictive Trade Practices of Act: Restrictive trade practices imposes unfair and dissatisfactory conditions in the process of sale and purchase of goods and services Restrictive trade practices also suffer from limitations as it restricts the productions and supply of goods and services and the process of developmental goods. Restrictive trade practices denies the market access of goods and services to the consumers This act makes the acceptance of contract based on conditional basis along with the obligations imposed on a particular consumer. Restrictive trade practices make the use of dominant position in one market than in another market. Aims of the Restrictive Trade Practices act are as Follows; Restrictive trade practice act aims to prevent the withholding from any specified class of individuals or suppliers of goods or services rendered during the course of executing any trade related activities or business which effects any supply or distribution channel of goods. The act also aims to prohibit while giving any specified conditions in relation to the supply or distribution of goods or while rendering any such services which is specified under the conditions of the restrictive trade practices act. The act develops such provisions as the minister may deems fit and thinks necessary to ensure the equal treatment of all the individuals in relations to the demand and supply or the distribution of goods concerning the such services in order to avoid the unfair trade practices (Round 2013). The aims of this act is concerned with the provisions in regard to the restrictive trade practices which effects the demand and supply model for distribution of goods and services as described under the restrictive trade practice act. Purpose of Part IV of the Act: The restrictive trade practices are aimed at deterring practices by firms which are anti-competitive in nature and restrict free competitions in the market. This act is enforced by the Australian competition and consumer commission. It is noteworthy to denote that the federal court of Australia seeks pecuniary penalty for a sum of 10$ million from the organizations and $500,000 from an individual (Long 2012). The purposes of part IV of the act are as follows; Primary boycotts which consist of agreement amid the parties to execute one another., Secondary boycotts which has the prime reason to reduce the competition between two persons engaged during the process of conduct hindering a third party is considered for supplying or acquiring goods or service from the fourth person. Misuse of market power: Undertaking the advantage of substantial market power in a specific market involving more than one purpose which is usually aimed at eliminating or damaging potential competitors. Exclusive dealings: It is considered as an attempt to interfere with the freedom of the buyers to buy from other suppliers. It also involves agreeing to supply the product on conditions where the retailer does not hold back the products of the competitors. Under the restrictive trade practices several forms of exclusive dealings are prohibited if they have purpose or most likely aimed at reducing the competitions in a market. Reference List: Act, F.C.R., 2016. Fair Credit Reporting Act.Flood Disaster Protection Act and Financial Institute. Allen, G.C., 2013.Monopoly and restrictive practices(Vol. 1). Routledge. Aust, A., 2013.Modern treaty law and practice. Cambridge University Press. Bain, P.L. and Nowak, K., 2015. Sole Proprietorships.NY Practice Guide: Business and Commercial,1. Barnard, C., 2012.EU employment law. Oxford University Press. Bradley, M. and Marshall, H., 2013. First byte: ACCC wins by forfeit in first unfair contract terms case.Law Society Journal: the official journal of the Law Society of New South Wales,51(9), p.64. Callison, J.W. and Sullivan, M.A., 2012.Partnership Law and Practice: General and Limited Partnerships. West. Clarkson, K.W., Miller, R.L. and Cross, F.B., 2014.Business Law: Texts and Cases. Nelson Education. Dammann, J. and Schndeln, M., 2012. Where Are Limited Liability Companies Formed? An Empirical Analysis.Journal of Law and Economics,55(4), pp.741-791. Daugirdas, K. and Mortenson, J.D., 2014. Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law.American Journal of International Law,108(4), pp.783-842. De Groot, G.R., 2013. Survey on Rules on Loss of Nationality in International Treaties and Case Law.Centre for European Policy Studies Liberty and Security in Europe Paper, (57). Duncan, W.D., 2012.Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press. Durkin, T.A., Elliehausen, G., Staten, M.E. and Zywicki, T.J., 2014.Consumer Credit and the Australia Economy. Oxford University Press. Dwyer, B. and Kotey, B., 2015. Financing SME Growth: The Role of the National Stock Exchange of Australia and Business Advisors.Australian Accounting Review,25(2), pp.114-123. Grenville, J. and Wasserstein, B. eds., 2013.The major international treaties of the twentieth century: a history and guide with texts. Routledge. Hall, K.T., 2013. The law. HAYNE, C., 2013. High Court of Australia.ORDER,263, p.2012. Hobbes, T., 2013.Elements of law, natural and political. Routledge. Holland, J., Burnett, S. and Millington, P., 2015.Employment Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Howells, G., Micklitz, H.W. and Wilhelmsson, T., 2016.European fair trading law: The unfair commercial practices directive. Routledge. Kear, M., 2014. The scale effects of financialization: The Fair Credit Reporting Act and the production of financial space and subjects.Geoforum,57, pp.99-109. Khan, M.A.M., 2017.Seminar Paper on Sole Proprietorship Business(Doctoral dissertation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University). Law, J. ed., 2015.A dictionary of law. OUP Oxford. Lee, H.P. and Adams, M., 2013. Defining Characteristics of Judicial Power and Court-Global Lessons from Australia.Asia Pac. L. Rev.,21, p.167. Lin, L., 2013. Private equity limited partnerships in Australia: A critical evaluation of active limited partners.Journal of corporate law studies,13(1), pp.185-217. Long, F., 2012.Restrictive Business Practices, Transnational Corporations, and Development: A Survey(Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media. MacCormick, N. and Weinberger, O., 2013.An institutional theory of law: new approaches to legal positivism(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. McGovern, E., 2016.International trade regulation(Vol. 2). Globefield Press. McKendrick, E., 2014.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Miller, R.L., 2016.Business Law Today, Comprehensive. Cengage learning. Miller, R.L., 2016.Business Law Today, Comprehensive. Cengage learning. Morabito, V. and Caruana, J., 2013. Can class action regimes operate satisfactorily without a certification device? Empirical insights from the Federal Court of Australia.American Journal of Comparative Law,61(3), pp.579-615. Round, D.K. ed., 2013.The Australian Trade Practices Act 1974: Proscriptions and prescriptions for a more competitive economy(Vol. 19). Springer Science Business Media. Singh, M.M., 2015. Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice. Stevens, E., 2013.Shipping Practice-With a Consideration of the Law Relating Thereto. Read Books Ltd. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G., 2013. The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,22(1), pp.12-25. Todd, P., 2013. Introduction: Australian industrial relations in 2012.Journal of Industrial Relations,55(3), pp.311-320. Whittaker, J. and Qc, J.M., 2016.The law of limited liability partnerships. Bloomsbury Publishing. Wymeersch, E., 2013. Regulation and case law relating to financial derivatives.REVUE DE DROIT BANCAIRE EN FINANCIER, (1), pp.91-98.

Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market Essay Example

Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market Essay Acknowledgements We would like to thank the all people who assisted us in the preparation of this report especially to our lecturer Puan Noor Aishah Mohamad Hamdan. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION According to Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA), government policies that maintain a business environment with opportunities for growth and profits have made Malaysia an attractive manufacturing and export base in the region. The private sector in Malaysia has become partners with the public sector in achieving the nations development objectives. Over the decades, the Government of Malaysia has effectively used the fiscal policy through tax measures and allocation of operating and development expenditures to attained a broad range of macroeconomic objectives such as growth equity, macroeconomic stability, reform restructuring such as tax incentives to facilitate reform and structuring of economy, sectored and regional development such as tax incentives and expenditure directed experienced difficulties in balancing its budget. Therefore in this recent year, Malaysia has becoming run deficit budgets. The slow growth or decline of several sources of revenue has given pause for reflection on the approach to fiscal anagement. The key to fiscal flexibility is to ensure that the mandatory spending and the size the government is not too large, the fiscal deficit is not structural and public debt level not excessively high. 1. 1 Backgrounds Construction Economics Ill is aimed to provide an in-depth study of development economics including investment market and property development, preparation of feasibility studies, financing and risk and uncertainty of development works and the influence of government policies on such works. . 2 Purpose The purpose of this report is to study and understand the relationship between overnment policies and investment market, to investigate the effects of government policies to investment market and to forecast possible changes of investors decision in property market. It is hoped that with more discussion in this report, it will increase the level of und erstanding about property investment market. 1. 3 Scope The study for this report focused on the impact of the increase of the oil price in Malaysia on 2nd September 2013 towards property investment market. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The policies related to government expenditure and their effects to investment market in general will be discussed. Besides, the importance of these policies in relation to investment market and their influences on investors decision especially in property investment will be included. 1. 4 Methodology The data from various sources will analyse. The budget 2014 will be main sources to analyse new policy. On 2nd September 2013, Prime Minister Datuk Seri NaJib Tun Razak announced the Governments decision to increase the price of RON95 and diesel by 20 sen to RM2. 0 and RM2 per litre, respectively, effective on 3rd September 2013, as one of its measures to rationalise subsidies. It expects to save RMI . 1 bil this year from September to December and RM3. bil per year in subsidy bills from the exercise, helping to tame the fiscal deficit. The Government has targeted to reduce budget deficit to 4% this year, 3. 5% in 2014 and 3% by 2015. This report will analyse the effect of government po licy including reducing in fuel subsidy towards investment market especially property. 3. 0 FINDINGS 3. 1 INTRODUCTION OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES 3. 1. Fiscal policy Fiscal policy is the governments steps to change the government spending and structure of taxation to influence the level of aggregate spending in the economy. Fiscal policies seeks to reach full employment level and to control inflation. There are three major ways in which fiscal policy affects aggregate demand: Business Tax Policy Business taxes can change the profitability of businesses and the amount of business investment. Lowering business taxes will increase aggregate demand and business investment spending. Government Spending Government can directly increase aggregate demand by increasing its spending. Tax Policy for Individuals Lowering taxes will increase disposable personal income and increase consumption spending. Fiscal policy should be used to increase aggregate demand when an economy is operating at below full-employment levels. If aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply and output is at full-employment levels, fiscal policy should be used 2013 continues to focus on sustaining the growth momentum of the domestic economy in the near term and facilitating the long-terms transformation of the economy, while ensuring the sustainability of public finances. The Federal Government fiscal deficit is expected to reduce from 4% of GDP in 2013 to 3% in 201 5 and balanced budget on 2020. To ensure the efficient use of fiscal resources, the 2013 Budget continues to focus on enhancing the productive capacity of the domestic economy. Besides, subsidies have been restructured and only low income earner will get it. Therefore, the low income group who is most affected due to rising oil prices, government will give financial assistance through BRI M. 3. 1. Monetary Policy Monetary policy is government policy carried out by the Central Bank to control money supply and interest rates to affect the level of aggregate expenditure to reach level of full employment and controlling inflation. During the inflation problem, government will transact contractionary policy. It is a macroeconomic tool use by the central bank to slow down an economy. Contractionary policies are enacted by a government to reduce the money supply and maximise the spending in a cou ntry. This is done primarily through: 1. Increasing interest rates 2. Increasing reserve requirements 3. Reducing the money supply, directly or indirectly This tool is used during high-growth periods of the business cycle, but does not have an immediate effect. During deflation problem, the government will implement expansionary policies that is increase the government spending and reduce tax rate to increase aggregate spending to combat unemployment. According to Bank Negara Malaysia, monetary policy in 2013 focus on addressing potential risks to inflation and growth. During the 2013, private investment is likely to remain firm, led by continued capital spending in the domestic-oriented sectors, the ongoing implementation of infrastructure projects, and a gradual improvement in external demand. 3. 1. 3 Other regulatory policies 3. 1. 3. 1 sales Tax In general, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services, applied to sales of locally manufactured taxable goods as well as to taxable goods imported for domestic consumption. It is imposed by the government at the point of sale on retail goods and services. Collected by the retailer and passed on to the state. It is based on a percentage of the selling prices of the goods and services and set by the state. All taxable goods manufactured in, or imported into, Malaysia are subject to sales tax, unless they are specifically exempted Labuan, Langkawi, Tioman, the (Inter-Country) Joint Development Area, free zones, licensed warehouses or licensed manufacturing warehouses. The rates of sales tax are 5% and 10%. The 10% rate applies to most taxable goods. The reduced rate of 5% pplies to certain nonessential goods which include, among others, foodstuffs and building materials. Specific rates are imposed on certain petroleum products. 3. 1. 3. 2 Service Tax. Service tax is a single-stage tax applied to specified taxable services. Services that are not included in the prescribed list are not taxable. Nine major groupings of taxable services are currently included in the prescribed list. Taxable services include, but are not limited to, telecommunication services, employment services, consultancy services, management services, legal services, accounting services, advertising ervices, engineering services, surveying services, architectural services, insurance services and car hire services. Service tax does not apply in Labuan, Langkawi, Tioman, the (Inter-Country) Joint Development Area and free zones. Service tax is imposed at a rate of 6% on the price, charge or premium for the taxable service. Accounting, engineering, legal, architectural, surveying, management and consultancy services provided by one company to another company within the same commercial group are not subject to service tax if certain conditions are satisfied. 3. 1. 3. 3 Goods and service Tax (6ST) Malaysia plans to carry out a major indirect tax reform. It is proposed that a new Goods and Services Tax (6ST) system replace the current sales tax and service tax system. It appears that the new Malaysian GST will operate similarly to other value- added tax (VAT) and GST systems around the world. It is proposed that the standard GST rate will be 6% and that a zero rate will apply to exports and some goods, such as basic foodstuffs. GST exempt status is expected to apply to most financial services, including Islamic financial products, life insurance and investment linked insurance, he lease, rental or sale of residential real estate, mass domestic public education services and health services. As a result, no output tax will apply and correspondingly, no entitlement to input tax will exist. The Malaysia government announced the date of implementation of the GST is on 1 April 2015. . 1. 3. 4 Real property Gams Tax (RPGT) Real Property Gains Tax (RPGT) is a tax levied by the Inland Revenue Board (IRB) on chargeable gains derived from the disposal of real property. RPGT is introduced to provide imposition, assessment and collection of tax on gain deriving from the disposal of real property. The tax is levied on the gains made from the difference between the disposal price and ac quisition price. This tax is provided in the Real Property Gains Tax Act 1976 replaced the Land Speculation Tax Act 1974. Real property being disposed is knows as chargeable asset. Chargeable asset may vary into two, the real property and Real Property Company. Real property is defined as any land in Malaysia and any option, interest or other right over that piece of land. Example land, houses such as bungalow, apartment, condominiums, etc. A real property company (RPC) is a controlled company which owns real property or shares r both whereby the defined value of real property or shares or both owned is at least 75% of the value of the companies total tangible assets. RPGT Rates Companies Individual (Citezen / PR) Individual (Non Citizen) For disposals within 3 years For disposals in the 4rd years For disposal after 5th yeard For disposals after 6th year 5% Table 1 : Rate of RGPT During the tabling of the Budget 2014, the real property gain tax (RPGT) is 30% for any property held and disposed within 3 years. For properties held and disposed in the 4 years and 5 years, the property tax is 20% and 15% each, while properties held nd disposed after 6 years are not subject to any real property gain tax. The Star 2013) For non-citizens, NaJib said RPGT would imposed at 30% on the gains from properties disposed within the holding period of up to five years, and disposals in the sixth and subsequent years, RPGT is imposed at 5%. 3. 1. 3. 5 Affordable Housing KUALA LUMPUR: The Government allocated RMI . 9bil this year to build 123,000 affordable homes in strategic locations throughout the country by 1 Malaysia Peoples Housing (PRI MA), Syarikat Perumahan Negara Berhad (SPNB) and the National Housing Department. The Finance Ministry, in its Economic Report 2013/2014 released Friday, said RM500mil was allocated to PRI MA to build 50,000 homes in prime locations across the country and another RM300mil to build 30,000 homes in collaboration with private developers. A total of 320,000 people will own their own homes under the affordable housing programme, when the homes costing between RMIOO,OOO and RM400,OOO per unit are expected to be completed in 2016. PRI MA homes, which are generally 20% cheaper than the current market price, are sold through an open balloting system and are expected to be ready in three years. For ow-income earners, the government has allocated RM320mil to SPNB to build 22,855 housing projects, to be completed in 2015. Meanwhile, the Government also allocated RM543mil to the National Housing Department to construct 20,454 unit of Peoples Housing Programme (PPR) units using the Industrialised Building System sources : The star 25/10/2013 During the tabling of the Budget 2014, Prime Minister announce that RM 1. 9 billion will be fund to build 123,000 affordable homes throughout PRI MA, SPNB and Naional Housing Department. Allocation are as follow: PRI MA RM 500 million to build 50,000 homes in prime locations RM 300 million to build 30, 000 homes via private developers SPNB RM320 million to build 1,855 medium-cost apartment units and 10, 000 units of public housing projects for low-income earners. National Housing Department RM 543 million to construct 20,454 unit of Peoples Housing Programme (PPR) units using the Industrialised Building System. 3. 1. 3. 6 Skim Rumah Pertamaku (SRP) My First Home Scheme was first announced in the 2011 Budget by the Malaysian Government to assist young adults who have Just Joined the workforce to own their first home. The Scheme allows young adults to obtain 100% financing from financial nstitutions, enabling them to own their 1st home without the need to pay a 10% downpayment. In 2013 Budget, it was announced that the gross income limit was increased from RM3,OOO to RM5,OOO per month and certain qualifying criteria were abolished with effect from 1st January 2013. 3. 1. 3. 7 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI can be define as a company from one country making a physical investment in building a factory in another country .. It is the establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner. Malaysia has been an encouraging economy to foreign investors. This is because as a developing country, it is help in boosting the economy. Example of policy to encourage FDI, government take no tax up to 10 years who invest in Joint Development Area such as Iskandar Regional Development Authority. 3. 2 EXPLANATION ON CURRENT ECONOMY SCENARIO THAT LEAD TO THE REASONS 3. 2. 1 Budget Deficit Figure 1. 1 : Malaysia Government Budget Figure 1. 1 shows the percentage of budget deficit from year 2004 to 2013. It can be seen that the Government Budget deficit in 2012 is 4. 8 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Central Bank of Malaysia forecasted that budget deficit in 2013 will be 4. %. Thus, the average of budget deficit from 2004 to 2013 is 4. 6%. Figure 1. 2 : Federal Government Finance Figure 1. 2 tabulate the Federal Government Finance from 2009 to 2013. It can be seen that revenue for 2013 is RM 208,650 million and total expenditure is RM 248,643 million. So, the deficit is RM 39,993 million or 4% of GDP. Government Budget is an accounti ng of income receive by government and the expenditure made by government. A budget deficit occurs when the government spend more money than income. It is recommended that government should reduce deficit maximum to 3%. High percentage of deficit in many years will cause interest rate increase as well as total debt and as a result economies will slowdown. So that, to decrease budget deficit the government should increase income or decrease expenditure or both. However, in this situation, the government choose to decrease expenditure for example by cutting fuel subsidies as much as 20 cents per litre. As Prime Minister Datuk Seri NaJib Razak said: Its a process of fiscal consolidation. The market will feel more confident if we can bring down our fiscal deficit. (BBC 2013) The government has allocated RM24. billion this year for fuel subsidies and the Prime Minister has said the country would save RMI . 1 billion with the cutting fuel subsidy. Before that, the government has requested for an extra RM 14. 1 billion to cover unplanned overspending for year 2013. ( L. Kong 2013) It can be concluded that the most factor of increase in fuel price is government policy to reduce deficit. Figure 2 : Malaysia Government Debt To GDP Figure 2 shows the percentage of Malaysia Government Debt to GDP from year 2004 to 2013. Malaysia recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 53. 10 percent of the countrys GDP in 2013. It can be seen that the percentage is rose more than 50% since 2010 and remain until 2013. Basically, Government debt is the money owed by the central government to its creditors. Similar with citizen expense, increase in government debt will cause more budget deficit and lead to slowdown of economy if continued. Generally, investors use Government debt as a percent of GDP to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. If this situation continued, it gives negative view towards Malaysia economy and foreign investor will not invest here. According to an economy analysts credited by the London Times for predicting the global financial crisis, Colombo, said that After Sri Lanka, Malaysia now has the 2nd ighest public debt-to-GDP ratio among 13 emerging Asian countries, he also noted that Malaysias high government and household debt is contributing to the credit bubble. So that, to overcome this matter Government reduce fuel subsidy to attract back foreign investor to invest in our country. ( Sinar Harlan 2013 ) It can be concluded that the Malaysia Government Debt to GDP continue alarming is influence government policy to reduce fuel subsidy. . 2. 3 Defending Ringgit Figure 3: The value of ringgit from 30 Nov, 2012 to 25 Oct, 2013. Figure 3 show the trend of USDMYR spot exchange rate from 30 November 2012 to 25 October 2013. On 25 October 2013, the USD exchange rate for the MYR stands at 3. 14. According to Bank Negara Malaysia governor Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz, as a result in unstable international financial market , the Ringgit has fallen about 4 percent this year. She also reported to the Bloomberg that Bank Negara will only intervene to maintain important market conditions and not to defend the currency at any particular level. It seem that, this statement seen to convince the foreign investor and strengthened the export market. ( Business Time 2013 ) As a result, after a week cutting fuel subsidy, the Ringgit advanced 0. 29 percent to 3. 2645. This is strongest value after hitting 3. 2590 on 13 August. Besides, Ringgit reported may gain over time if the nations fundamentals remain strong and predicted faster economic expansion attempt by the government to increase investor confidence and persuade them to leave their money in the country. In conclusion, cutting fuel subsidy is contributed toward Ringgit stability. 3. 2. 4 Inflation rate is under control Figure 4: Malaysia Inflation Rate from November 2011 September 2013 Figure 4 show the Malaysia Inflation Rate from November 2011 September 2013. The inflation rate in early 2013 is around 1 percent to 2 percent. Effect of price increase in food and non-alcoholic beverages, rate of inflation slightly increased to 2 percent and slightly decelerated to 1. 9 percent in August, as food price slowed. After the government cut fuel subsidy on the September 2013, the inflation rate accelerated to 2. 6 percent, its highest rate since January 2012. According to Joana Taborda an economy analyst, the main contributor of inflation rate in September are increase in price of transport ( up by 4. 6 percent, from 0. 6 percent in August), food price (up by 3. 9 percent, from 3. 6 percent in August), and cost of alcohol and tobacco (rose 4. 5 percent). She reported, cost of housing, water, electricity and other fuels remained unchanged at 1. 8 percent. It can be seen cut in fuel subsidy had affected price of transport and food, while alcohol and tobacco affected by increase in that rate of that categories. Besides that, Prime Minister Datuk Seri NaJib Razak announce in Budget 2013 tabling, inflation rate in October is around 2 percent to 3 percent. In conclusion, government cut down fuel subsidy in right time. Although price of fuel increase, the inflation rate is under control and not slowing down economy. 3. 3 EXPLANATION ON RELATIONSHIP OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND INVESTMENT MARKET

Juvenile Justice System in Sleepers Film by Barry Levinson

Juvenile Justice System in Sleepers Film by Barry Levinson Sleepers directed by Barry Levinson is a dramatic film addressing juvenile justice system at length. It also gives insight of how New York City was in 1960s. Levinson bases Sleepers on a 1995 novel by Lorenzo Carcaterra going by the same title.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justice System in Sleepers Film by Barry Levinson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to this film, the juvenile justice system is inconsequential in the realms of justice. Justice systems are meant to correct individuals to make them better citizens who can abide to the law, not to harden them making them hardcore criminals. However, Sleepers paint the juvenile justice system as a faulty system. This is evidenced by the bestial events that occur to Lorenzo, Thomas, Michael, and John. After these juveniles kill King Benny, they are taken to Wilkinson Home, a correctional center for reformation. However, once these four boys check in Wilkinson Home, they meet unheard brutality in the hands of Nokes, Addison, Styler, and Ferguson, guards at this centre. They are raped, abused, and beaten, an experience that dents these juveniles’ personalities to become hardcore criminals. It is at this point, where Sleepers paints a faulty picture of the juvenile justice system. If the juvenile justice system were efficient, it would have reformed these juveniles. According to what happens in this movie, one experience can change a child so much that he or she becomes a delinquent or an adult criminal. After Thomas and John go through the beastly treatment in the hands of Nokes and the rest, they harden to become adult criminals. Ten years after they have been released from Wilkinson, they spot Sean Nokes taking some beer in a pub down street in Hell’s Kitchen. They confront him and tell him of what he had done to them ten years ago before shooting him six times. Nokes dies in front of everyone in the pub. Ther efore, it is possible that one incidence, could change a child into an adult criminal just the way Thomas and Mike changed after the torture they went through in the hands of Nokes and his co-workers. These juveniles lived in Hell’s Kitchen in New York. The community that these juveniles are living in is very unfounded and criminal-minded. The community is unfounded because the only person who seems concerned about these boys is Father Bobby, who makes some efforts to look after the boys. The moment Father Bobby loses touch with these boys; they join a gang in the town. The community is also criminal-minded because the only thing that these four juveniles find to do is joining a gang. If this community were founded on morals and principles, a responsible person correct these juveniles before they join a gang. This gang was at the disposal of these boys and they would join anytime they wanted hence the community pushed these juveniles to join the gang.Advertising Looki ng for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The friendship of these four boys contributed largely in their behavior. Before they join the gang, Mike, John, Thomas, and Lorenzo spend a lot of time together. Consequently, they find it easy to join a gang as a group. If these boys were to join the gang individually, chances are that, they would not join it. This is because when alone, a person lacks the moral support to do something. This resonates well with the old adage that, ‘together we stand, divided we fall.’ Therefore, friends can lead or prevent delinquent behavior. If three of these boys were not involved in delinquency, chances are that the fourth one would never become delinquent. The film Sleepers is a masterpiece that marries juvenile justice system with subsequent adult criminals. It also sheds light on how bad company can lead to delinquency and touches on the impact of community on the lives of juveniles. Levinson, Barry. â€Å"Sleepers.† Baltimore Pictures, 1996.